Georges-Henri Lemaitre The Astronomer-Priest

Georges-Henri Lemaitre was the first scientist to figure out the basics of how our universe was created. His ideas led to the theory of the Big Bang, which began the expansion of the universe and influenced the creation of the first stars and galaxies. His work was once ridiculed, but the name Big Bang stuck and today this theory of the first moments of our universe is a major part of astronomy and cosmology studies. The concept of the Big Bang that Lemaitre put forth began a renaissance in scientific thinking about the conditions in the early universe. HENNING DALHOFF / Getty Images Early Life Lemaitre was born in Charleroi, Belgium on July 17, 1894. He studied humanities at a Jesuit school before entering the civil engineering school of the Catholic University of Leuven at the age of 17. When war broke out in Europe in 1914, he put his education on hold to volunteer in the Belgian army. For his service during the war, Lemaitre was awarded the Military Cross with palms. After leaving the army, Lemaitre resumed his studies, concentrating on physics and mathematics as he prepared for the priesthood. He earned a doctorate in 1920 from the Università © Catholique de Louvain (UCL) and moved on to the Malines seminary, where he was ordained as a priest in 1923.   The Curious Priest Georges-Henri Lemaitre had an insatiable curiosity about the natural world and how the objects and events we observe came into being. During his seminary years, he discovered Einsteins theory of relativity. After his ordination, he studied at the University of Cambridges solar physics laboratory from 1923–24), and then moved to the United States to study at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His research introduced him to the works of American astronomers Edwin P. Hubble and Harlow Shapley, both of whom studied the expanding universe. Hubble went on to make discoveries that proved the universe was larger than the Milky Way. An Explosive Theory Gains Ground In 1927, Lemaitre accepted a full-time position at University College London and released a paper that focused the astronomy worlds attention on him. It was called  Un Univers homogà ¨ne de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nà ©buleuses extragalactiques (A homogeneous universe of constant mass and growing radius accounting for the radial velocity (radial velocity: Velocity along the line of sight toward or away from the observer) of extragalactic nebulae). This Hubble image shows the Andromeda Galaxy and the variable star that Edwin P. Hubble used to determine the distance to Andromeda. His work was based on Henrietta Leavitts work on the period-luminosity relationship. The upper right image is a closeup of the starfield. The lower right image shows his chart and notes upon discovery. NASA/ESA/STScI Lemaitres paper explained the expanding universe in a new way, and within the framework of the General Theory of Relativity. Initially, many scientists—including Albert Einstein himself—were skeptical. However, further studies by Edwin Hubble  seemed to prove the theory. Initially called the Big Bang Theory by its critics, scientists adopted the name because it seemed to work well with the events that occurred in the beginning of the universe. Even Einstein was won over, standing and applauding at a Lemaitre seminar, saying This is the most beautiful and satisfactory explanation of creation to which I have ever listened. Georges-Henri Lemaitre continued to make advances in science the rest of his life. He studied cosmic rays and worked on the three-body problem. This is a classical problem in physics where the positions, masses, and velocities of three bodies in space are used to figure out their motions. His published works include Discussion sur là ©volution de lunivers (1933;  Discussion on the Evolution of the Universe) and LHypothà ¨se de L atoms primitif (1946; Hypothesis of the Primeval Atom). On March 17, 1934, he received the Francqui Prize, the highest Belgian scientific award, from King Là ©opold III, for his work on the expanding universe. In 1936, he was elected a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, where he became the president in March 1960, remaining so until his death in 1966. He was also named prelate in 1960. In 1941, he was elected member of the Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Belgium. In 1941, he was elected member of the Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Belgium. In 1950, he was given the decennial prize for applied sciences for the period 1933-1942. In 1953 he received the very first Eddington Medal award of the Royal Astronomical Society. Later Years Lemaitres theories were not always in favor, and some scientists, such as Fred Hoyle were openinly critical of it. However, in the 1960s, new observational evidence from the Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, two researchers at Bell Labs, uncovered a background radiation event that was ultimately shown to be the light signature of the Big Bang. This was in 1964 and Lemaitre, who was in failing health, was buoyed by the news. He died in 1966, and his theories have actually been proven to be largely correct. Fast Facts Georges LeMaitre trained to become a Catholic priest at the same time he studied physics and astronomy.Lemaitre was a contemporary of astronomers Edwin P. Hubble and Harlow Shapley.His work ultimately predicted the Big Bang theory, which is the creation of the universe, some 13.8 billion years ago. Sources â€Å"Profile: Georges Lemaà ®tre, Father of the Big Bang | AMNH.†Ã‚  American Museum of Natural History, www.amnh.org/learn-teach/curriculum-collections/cosmic-horizons/profile-georges-lemaitre-father-of-the-big-bang.Shehab Khan ShehabKhan. â€Å"Everything You Need to Know about Georges Lemaà ®tre.†Ã‚  The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 17 July 2018, www.independent.co.uk/news/science/georges-lemaitre-priest-universe-expanding-big-bang-hubble-space-cosmic-egg-astronomer-physics-a8449926.html.User, Super. â€Å"A Day Without Yesterday: Georges Lemaitre the Big Bang.†Ã‚  Catholic Education Resource Center, www.catholiceducation.org/en/science/faith-and-science/a-day-without-yesterday-georges-lemaitre-amp-the-big-bang.html. Revised and edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Why I Want to Join the US Infantry - 960 Words

As an American, you are granted special freedoms that many others do not have, but do you know why you are able to have those freedoms? Is it the politicians? No, it is the men and women in uniform fighting overseas. As the backbone of our military, the infantryman plays a valuable role in the success of our armed forces. Many people know of our nation’s heroes. Unfortunately, many do not know what they do, the strength they need to do it, or how they undertook the task of joining the United State’s infantry. First of all, what do they even do? I have come to find out that there is a lot more to a soldier than â€Å"point and shoot†. Most of what they do is not even combat related. For example, one of the important tasks they are trained to do is protect the data that they collect. This includes knowing how to safely transport it from point A to point B, without the information being damaged or compromised. An infantryman also has to know how to operate and maintain the communication devices that they are are issued. If they do not sufficiently know how to use the equipment they are given, they are not only running the risk of themselves being harmed, but the others around them. Ever wondered how they keep themselves protected in the open areas? They are trained for that too. They are taught how to dig foxholes, build bunkers, set up camouflage, and build other types of fortifications. Without the knowledge to do so, they would be susceptible to enemy fire, andShow MoreRelatedWomen Should Be Integrated Into Combat Positions1057 Words   |  5 PagesWomen should be integrated into combat positions such as infantry, artillery, and Special Forces. If a woman chooses this kind of challenge, then she is more than capable. Women are as tough as men. They can do what a man can do, and if that is going into combat then yes, why not? 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Value of Education in 21st Century free essay sample

There is some bias and exaggerations to these statements, but overall Americans do work more than other Europeans, the same can’t be said however, for the nation’s youth. Unfortunately, the vigorous work ethic and strive to learn has not rubbed of on the nation’s children. American children have school for only 180 days year, compared to the 195 days in Germany and 200 in East Asia.Furthermore, they only have about 2-3 hours of homework per night and are not pressured by society to take extra classes after school; a fact that appalls nations such as Japan and India, whose children take after school classes regularly to help them with their studies. Americans also have the shortest school day, a mere six and half hours, all packed into the morning and early afternoon. Countries such as Denmark and Sweden boast a staggering 40 to 50 hour school week, making some American education reforms re-think they way the write guidelines for the nation’s schools. This morning to early afternoon school schedule gives children the opportunity to engage in some extra-curricular activities, such as soccer, tennis, or art. This is good, since the child can venture out and find something that he or she is good at, however the benefits of this are only short-term for they don’t really help the child progress further academically. The U. S needs to lengthen the school day to emphasize the fact that fun and games aren’t everything, and children should engage in something educational after school, to help them in their studies.When summer rolls around in early to mid June, all the material that is learned over the year is quickly forgotten as the lack of practice takes effect. The three month stretch serves as an education eraser, as the typical student forgets about two months of material, commonly called summer leaning loss. American scholars noticed however that this isn’t true for all American children. Children coming from poor families tend to do worse academically because of weak family bonds and are therefore more susceptible to learning loss.Richer kids, on the other hand, improve, for their parents send them to camps and classes to stimulate their minds, and encourage them to do something productive over the summer. The importance of learning in enabling the individual to put his potentials to optimal use is self-evident. Without education, the training of the human minds is incomplete. No individual is a human being in the working world until he has been educated in the proper sense. Now Im not saying youre not a human being without education. The mind was made to be trained and without education, a person is incomplete in that sense.Education makes man a right thinker and a correct decision-maker. It achieves this by bringing him knowledge from the external world, teaching him to reason, and acquainting him with past history, so that he may be a better judge of the present. Without education, man, as it were, is shut up in a windowless room. With education, he finds himself in a room with all its windows open to the outside world. In other words, people who are not educated have less opportunity to do what they want to do. A person that gets a good education will become a more dependable worker, a better citizen, and a stronger consumer.For example, people would rather higher an educated man rather than a non-educated person. When looking at the long-term effects of an education, our economy needs these educated people to know how to keep the economy efficient and not get into a bind in the future. Someone said if they were Bill Gates ( Since he is very educated), would he understand the economy better? Of course not but thats not what I am trying to say. How advanced do you think the computer would be without him? The more educated someone is, the more knowledge one obtains on different subjects.Each person has a different level of understanding for each subject there is to learn about. That is why there are experts in every field you could go into and each part is a piece of the puzzle that makes this world/economy grow. Education for me starts at the most basic of levels, the home. From the time we are old enough to walk and talk we observe and mimmick the actions of those around us. By the time we begin school we already have an openess or close mindedness to learning new things. How we are encouraged in our youth by the adult influences determines if a child has the confidence in him/herself to want to do well in school.This is reinforced when a child does well they are praised and rewarded for their efforts. There are many ways our communities across the state are affected by how well our children are educated. One example of how we are affected is the correlation between the high school dropout rate and the unemployment rate in North Carolina which in turn affects the crime rate. Its no surprise that the crime rate is connected to the dropout rate because 85% of all drug and burglary crimes committed are between the ages of 16-30 and 60% of these have reported dropping out of school.Without the proper education individuals are forced to live lives of crime simply because they were never encouraged or came from a household where the parents themselves werent highly educated and thus didnt push the need to learn on the child. This affects us all because the more we leave behind the less oppurtunity we have as a community to better our selves and change the notion that being smart isnt cool or the right way to be thus giving our communities across the state more individuals who care about educating its people and building our neighborhoods for the future.I dont believe that we are all affected directly by the issue of education in this country because all of us dont come from areas where poverty is a common thing. I believe that the individuals who have to come from these backgrounds are at a disadvantage from an academic standpoint because they are not afforded the same oppurtunities as those who attend private schools. Over the past several years, reforms have been made to several hundred schools across the country.These schools, part of the Knowledge is Power Program (KIPP) start the school day at 7. 30am and end at 5pm, and have more instructional days than the average American school. These fortunate students get 60% more education than the average American child. The county’s economy is also tied with education. A recent report from McKinsey, a management consultancy, emphasizes that the ghastly performance of the country’s school children has caused more devastation on the economy than the recession.Barrack Obama has urged school administrators to â€Å"rethink the school day†, arguing that â€Å"we can no longer afford an academic calendar designed for when America was a nation of farmers who needed their children at home ploughing the land at the end of each day. †America needs to ‘buck up it’s act, if it want to remain the most powerful and influential country in the world, by ensuring the education of its future generations. When summer rolls around in early to mid June, all the material that is learned over the year is quickly fo rgotten as the lack of practice takes effect. The three month stretch serves as an ‘education eraser’, as the typical student forgets about two months of material. American scholars noticed however that this isn’t true for all American children. Children coming from poor families tend to do worse academically because of weak family bonds and are therefore more susceptible to learning loss. Richer kids, on the other hand, improve, for their parents send them to camps and classes to stimulate their minds, and encourage them to do something productive over the summer.As Americas education is slowly regressing, it must reconsider the lifestyle of its youth because in the near future they could be left unemployed. Countries such as India are gaining up on America because of their value placed on education and work ethic, replacing Americans in a lot of professions. To stop this from happening we must re-evaluate the culture of our youth, Education is Americas past, present, future. Education in America is boiling away like water in a heated pan. Education is the basis of our society as we need it to strive in this world.Education is evaporating in America as 12th-graders recently tested below the international average for 21 countries in mathematics and science. If amends arent made to global education the world will begin a slow, spiraling, descent toward an inevitable oblivion. In Mathematics About one-third of the fourth-graders and one-fifth of the eighth-graders cannot perform basic mathematical computations. One of the reasons our youth is unable succeed like its competition is because of the schooling of their teachers.As some of us might know there are serious problem with the education of our teachers. In 45 states 640,000 children who wanted to take science and math courses could not do so for lack of teachers. Education in Asia is growing rapidly as it replaces jobs of Americans. Education in Asia is on the verge of exploding to its peak. Education is the road to triumph. In countries like India the young are packed off to coaching classes to prepare them for entry into the competitive colleges.Americans also have the shortest school day, a mere six and half hours, all packed into the morning and early afternoon. Countries such as Denmark and Sweden boast a staggering 40 to 50 hour school week, making some American education reforms re-think the way they write guidelines for the nation’s schools. If this blatent disregaurg for education continues I believe we will begin to lose the respect of many other countries as being innovative, nurishing creativity and, ingenuity hindering us in the global markets as all of the world will surpass our abilities and the great minds the U.S. is known for will be far and few between affecting our economic, academic, and social standing in the world. When faced with the problem of educating the youth and ensuring their future their are a few solutions I think of that would drastically change our outlook in the world rankings and more importantly our communities. The first would be to increase the school day and the school year. The U. S needs to lengthen the school day to emphasize the fact that fun and games aren’t everything, and children should engage in something educational after school, to help them in their studies. I am also for continued education during the summer, and this is where other educational opportunities could be incorporated that cant be fit in during the regular school year, those things that are now on the chopping block and which help to make a well rounded individual. Education should be thought of as a total education including those areas beyond the hard academics, especially for those students that do not fit into the academic mold. These students should have other learning challenges they can look forward to, as well as possibly learning other skills that would make them employable.Other jobs that dont require a college education are just as important, and an educational system should encourage and help students find their niche. Another example would be to change the English program to really learn how to read with comprehension; articles, newspapers, documents, financial agreements, leases, and the like of which they will encounter, being able to speak to a minimal degree about what was read, and definitely in various situations with other people and, writing in different capacities, from the letter, to the resume, to the term paper.

While The Auto Waits monologue Essay Example For Students

While The Auto Waits monologue Essay A monologue from the play by O. Henry GIRL: I will excuse the remark you have just made because the mistake was, doubtless, not an unnatural one—in your circle. I asked you to sit down; if the invitation must constitute me your honeysuckle, consider it withdrawn. Now, tell me about these people passing and crowding, each way, along these paths. Where are they going? Why do they hurry so? Are they happy? How fascinating they seem to me—rushing about with their petty little dreams and their common worries! I come here to sit because here, only, can I be near the great, common, throbbing heart of humanity. My part in life is cast where its beating is never felt. Can you surmise why I spoke to you, Mr. Parkenstacker? It is simply impossible to keep one\s name out of the papers. Or even one\s portrait. This veil and this hat—my maid’s, of course—are my only protection. They furnish me with an incog. You should have seen the chauffeur staring when he thought I did not see. Candidly, there are five or six names that belong in the holy of holies, and mine, by the accident of birth, is one of them. I spoke to you, Mr. Stackenpot, because I wanted to talk, for once, with a natural man—a real man—one unspoiled by the despicable gloss of wealth and supposed social superiority. Oh! You have no idea how weary I am of it—money, money, money! And of the men who surround me, dancing like little marionettes all cut from the same pattern. We will write a custom essay on While The Auto Waits monologue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I am sick of pleasure, of jewels, of travel, of society, of luxuries of all kinds! A competence is to be desired, certainly. But when you have so many millions that—! It is the monotony of it that palls. Drives, dinners, theatres, balls, suppers, balls, dinners, more balls, followed of course by dinners and suppers, with the gilding of superfluous wealth over it all. Sometimes the very tinkle of the ice in my champagne glass nearly drives me mad. You must understand that we of the non-useful class depend for our amusement upon departure from precedent. Just now it is a fad to put ice in champagne. The idea was originated by a visiting Prince of Tartary while dining at the Waldorf. It will soon give way to some other whim. Just as, at a dinner party this week on Madison Avenue, a green kid glove was laid by the plate of each guest to be put on and used while eating olives. These special diversions of the inner circle do not become familiar to the common public, of course. We a re drawn to that which we do not understand. For my part, I have always thought that if I should ever love a man it would be one of lowly station. One who is a worker and not a drone. But, doubtless, the claims of caste and wealth will prove stronger than my inclination. Just now I am besieged by two suitors. One is Grand Duke of a German principality. I think he has, or has had, a wife, somewhere, driven mad by his intemperance and cruelty. The other is an English Marquis, so cold and mercenary that I prefer even the diabolical nature of the Duke. What is it that impels me to tell you these things, Mr. Packenwacker? I am sure you understand when I say there are certain expectations of a young lady in my position. It would be such a disappointment to certain members of my family if I were to marry a commoner as we like to call them. You simply cannot imagine the scandal it would cause. All the magazines would remark upon it. I might even be cut off from the family fortune. And yet †¦ no calling could be too humble were the man I loved all that I wish him to be.

Bill of Rights and Amendments Essays - James Madison, Free Essays

Bill of Rights and Amendments Essays - James Madison, Free Essays Bill of Rights and Amendments Bill of Rights and Amendments The United States of America is by far the most successful Republic governed country in the world and has managed to survive for over 223 years. What has made the United States such a success is the foundation that the framers created, the United States Constitution. The framers knew that with time the needs of the people would evolve due to changes in society, so regulations in the Constitution would need to be adjusted or expanded for the changing times. The adjustments are called Amendments. Since 1788 only Twenty-Seven Amendments have been ratified and added to the United States Constitution and amazingly enough ten of them known as the Bill of Rights were proposed under the First Congress. As society continues to evolve the Constitution may need to update existing regulations or improvements may need to be made and added to cover issues that were not originally covered in the Constitution such as: abolishment of slavery, the right to vote for all American citizens including women and former slaves, taxes, and right to citizenship just to name a few. Without the admission of amendments the Constitution would be in danger of becoming less relevant to the needs of modern society; for example after the civil war the slaves were free, but where in the constitution did it make it illegal to have slaves? Where did it state that they had a right to vote? It didn?t, that is why the Thirteenth Amendment which abolished slavery was added in 1865, then in 1870 the Fifteenth Amendment was added and in Section 1 reads: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous conditi on of servitude. This now declares their freedom and their rights to vote in the Constitution. The framers knew that amendments would need to be added, that is why they are covered in Article V in the Constitution. Amending the Constitution is not an easy or quick process. There are two significant steps in the Amendment process. The first step in the process is the proposal, in which either two-thirds of both of the houses of Congress have to agree and deem it necessary to propose a new amendment or two-thirds of the legislature from the fifty states calls a Constitutional Convention to propose Amendments. Once Amendments have been proposed they will then need to be ratified, this too can happen one of two ways. An amendment can be ratified when three-fourths of the legislature from the states vote in favor of the amendment or Congress can direct a ratifying convention where three-fourths of the convention has to vote in favor of the amendment; all but the twenty-first amendment have been ratified by the state legislatures. The first 10 amendments known as The Bill of Rights are the most important amendments in the Constitution. When the framers were drafting the Constitution their primary focus was establishing a strong and effective federal government, since this was their main focus the Constitution addressed a very limited number of rights for the people. The framers, and notably James Madison, the principal architect, believed that the Constitution protected liberty primarily through its division of powers. ("The Bill Of Rights: Its History And Significance", n.d). This made the Anti-Federalist who opposed the Constitution very uncomfortable; they feared that a large central government would not be any different than being ruled by a monarchy, their liberties were being threatened and they believed that if the framers really cared about their personal liberties and individual rights they would have been covered in the verbiage of the Constitution. Because of the Anti-Federalist concerns and their d isdain for the Constitution the Federalist became concerned about the ratification of the Constitution, due to their concern they agreed to add several amendments known as the Bill of Rights which were written by James Madison. Without the addition of the Bill of Rights the Constitution may not have been ratified. The Bill of Rights are precious and they have become an ethical code for America, because of these 10 amendments, the United States has

Romeo - A Character Profile From Romeo and Juliet

Romeo - A Character Profile From Romeo and Juliet One of the original star-crossd lovers, Romeo is the male half of the ill-fated pair who drive the action in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. Much has been written about the origins of the character, and the influence Romeo has had on other young male lovers throughout Western literature. But Shakespeares Romeo is an enduring representative of young love gone tragically wrong.   What Happens to Romeo Most interpretations of Romeo and Juliet estimate him to be about 16 years old, and Juliet to be about 13.  The heir of the House of Montague, Romeo meets and falls in love with Juliet, the young daughter of the House of Capulet. For reasons unexplained, the Montagues and Capulets are bitter enemies, so the young lovers know their affair will anger their families.  But the titular couple isnt interested in family feuds, and quickly fall in love.    Romeo and Juliet secretly marry with the help of his friend and confidant, Friar Lawrence. But the two are doomed from the start; after Juliets  cousin Tybalt kills Romeos friend Mercutio; Romeo retaliates, killing Tybalt. He is sent into exile, only returning when he hears of Juliets death. But Juliet has only faked her death unbeknownst to Romeo, who kills himself in a fit of grief. She awakens to find him dead and takes her life, this time for real.   Was Romeos Death Fate? After the young lovers die, the Capulets and Montagues agree to end their feud. Shakespeare leaves it mostly to his audience to decide whether this means that Romeo and Juliets deaths are fated. Could the feud have been ended any other way?   Questions long debated among Shakespearean scholars: Is the outcome of the play the result of bad luck? Or were Romeo and Juliets deaths predestined as part of the legacy of their families feud? Origins of the Romeo Character Most Shakespeare historians trace the origin of the Romeo character back to Greek myth. Ovids Metamorphoses  tells the story of Pyramus and Thisbe, two young lovers in Babylon who lived next to each other and communicated through cracks in the walls, their parents having forbid them meeting because of an ongoing family feud. The similarities to Romeo and Juliet dont end there: When the pair arrange to meet finally, Thisbe arrives at the predetermined spot, a mulberry tree, to find a menacing lioness. She runs away, but accidentally leaves her veil behind. Pyramus finds the veil when he gets there and believes the lioness has killed Thisbe, so he falls on his sword (literally). Thisbe returns and finds him dead, then kills herself with his sword.   While Pyramus and Thisbe may not have been Shakespeares direct source for Romeo and Juliet, it was certainly an influence on the works from which Shakespeare drew. Romeo first appeared in Giulietta e Romeo, a 1530 story by Luigi da Porto, which was itself adapted from Masuccio Salernitanos 1476 work Il Novellino. All of those later works can, in some way or other, trace their origins to Pyramus and Thisbe.

12 Angry Men - Movie Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

12 Angry Men - Movie Review - Assignment Example Very early in the movie Juror 10 starts with accusatory his racist remarks towards the people who are black and live in slums. His words â€Å"You're not gonna tell me that we're supposed to believe this kid, knowing what he is. Listen, I've lived among them all my life. You can't believe a word they say. You know that. I mean, they're born liars,† are a reminder of his deep seeded resentment towards these people throughout the movie. He is unwilling to look at the facts and decide the verdict without letting his prejudice get in the way of his judgment. Juror 4 and 7 also show prejudice towards the boy’s socio-economic group however, it is Juror 10 who takes it to extreme heights.He sees the light when Juror 5 a slum dweller challenges his biased general opinion. He however, does not change his vote until the middle of the movie when others tell him to stop his insulting remarks and calm down.

20th Century Public Space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

20th Century Public Space - Essay Example Figure 4 The Great Court at the British Museum Designed by Norman Foster†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 8 Introduction Public spaces are critical components of urban areas. According to Worpole public spaces are any areas that are open and accessible to people (p. 3). This may include roads, public arenas, government buildings, libraries museums among other structures. It is imperative to note that the public spaces include outdoor and indoor spaces. Historically, pubic spaces were used by people for social, economic and even political purposes. Thus, these places played an integral role in building the social and cultural relationships among the people in a particular area. In the United Kingdom, urban areas have incorporated public spaces as an essential element of urban planning for centuries. In Europe, most cities took a functional approach towards the design public spaces whereby there existed several kinds of public spaces with different functions and symbolism (Hamnett & Noam 223). The functional approach of architectural design was favored due to the specialization of the cities. For instanc e, factors such as traffic, politics, social contrasts and productivity became critical considerations in the selection of the kind of public space appropriate for a particular area. It is evident that planning and design of public spaces has to that the spaces facilitates easy and meaningful interactions of people. Suffice to say, public spaces in buildings such as churches have to architectural designed to handle large numbers of people with various needs and demands. LondonMuseum One of the most notable public spaces in the history of Europe is the museum. Museums can be basically defined as places where objects of cultural or historical significance are exhibited. Notably, museums are repositories for historical artifacts that are of value for future generations in order to allow interested people to view. The first public museum in Britain was opened in 1753 in London (Duncan 279).This was the first national public museum in the globe and it was the brainchild of Sir Hans Sloan e. The British Museum was officially established through an Act of Parliament and it was first housed in a seventeenth century mansion in Bloomsbury London called Montagu House. Over the centuries, the buildings housing the British Museum have changed the museum has remained in its original location. Figure 1 Courtyard of Montagu House, Bloomsbury, 1754. (Worpole 175) After its opening in 1753, the museum grew in stature and the number of collections. Initially, the Museum had approximately seventy one thousand collections which were contributed by the Sir Hans Sloane. The huge number of new collections naturally meant that the Museum had outgrown the original building in which it was housed. This prompted the first expansion programme that laid the foundations for the present structure that houses the British Museum. In 1823, the trustees of the British Museum commissioned a renowned architect Sir Robert Smirke to construct the new buildings. The construction of the new building wa s necessitated by the fact that the Museum had received the gift of King George IV’s father’s library and there was no space to add more book shelves in the Museum. Robert Smirke was a follower of the Greek Revival movement of architecture and endeavored to use this architectural design principle in the construction of the building. According to the Greek Revival movement, it was appropriate for buildings to have simplicity and the classical look of the Greek architecture (Hamnett & Noam 225). The design concept for the Smirke building originated from the ancient Greek temples. Smirke

The Nazi Doctors Essay Example for Free

The Nazi Doctors Essay Robert Jay Lifton’s The Nazi Doctors is a book that summarizes and explains the lives of both prisoner doctors and Nazi SS doctors during the Holocaust.   Lifton discusses their roles in the attempt of the Nazis to present their plan for a perfect race as a medical practice and a sort of euthanasia for what the Nazis considered imperfect human beings. Through the interviews of both Nazi and prisoner doctors, I can determine the struggle that faced these doctors and also realize the pressure on Hitler to make the world see his views and actions of both genocide and â€Å"the perfect race† as acceptable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Basically, Lifton is telling us that the Nazis knew that the world would be against the plan to murder anyone with an imperfection.   So, the Nazis tried to use what could be disguised as medical means and mercy killings to accomplish this dream.   What the world thought made a difference because the world could and would try to stop the Nazis if it appeared that they were conducting mass murders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Nazi Doctors, Lifton brings to my attention that the Nazis constantly faced a struggle to keep what they were truly doing from the world. One example was the use of sedatives in great amounts to kill impaired children, attempting to make it look, upon investigation, as if the child was merely overmedicated (Lifton, p.54-55).   When the world realized what the Nazis were doing, the reaction was basically World War II.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The weltanschauung or â€Å"philosophy of life† is examined in The Nazi Doctors in several ways. The Hitler philosophy that it is the state’s responsibility to â€Å"declare unfit for propagation all who are in any way visibly sick or who have inherited a disease and can therefore pass it on.†(Lifton, p.22), is evident throughout the book.   It is portrayed as an evil philosophy. Lifton relates more to Martin Buber and Leo Baeck who were both Jews and both supported the Jewish community during World War II. Like Buber who opposed Hitler’s regime and lectured against the Nazis, Lifton remarks several times that the Nazis tried to hide the evil they were doing from the world, proving they knew it was evil and unacceptable. Lifton even states that Buber saw one of the most powerful SS doctors, Josef Mengele as a â€Å"wound in the order of being† (Lifton, P.381).   This also leads to the assumption that the book takes the views of Leo Baeck whose philosophy, from my point of view, was basically that ethical acts are a response to experiencing God and that the Nazis’ unethical acts are all from a decision to choose to perform these unethical acts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Elliot and The Nazi Doctors share the same philosophy on life. As Elliot opposes white supremacy, so does this book expose another racial supremacy. As Elliot opposes supremacy over blacks and tries to show the world its hidden prejudices through bold faced lectures and the Blue eyes/Brown eyes exercise, this book exposes Hitler’s prejudices over many races he insisted were inferior. And it was not just races but people with any impairment, whether it be mental or physical, that Hitler and his Nazis opposed.   By reading Lifton’s point of view, I can see how he related to Jane Elliot’s view of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to The Nazi Doctors, the Nazis began experimenting in their hospitals, but eventually spread their â€Å"euthanasia† to their concentration camps. The book explains how the whole killing plan came about in five basic steps: first came sterilization of impure human beings, the killing of impaired children, the killing of impaired adults, then the move to killing of impaired inmates in the concentration camps and prisons, and finally the mass murders of whole races and peoples.   Always the Nazis tried to disguise these mass murders and killing of the innocent behind medical practices. This is why doctors were used to determine who should be put to death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even as they arrested those who opposed or spoke against the Regime, the Nazis also realized how important the resistance was. This is proven by the fact that they responded to resistance to direct medical killing by trying to disguise many deaths as results of pneumonia or accidental overmedication. The anti-Semitism in Europe, especially in Germany with their history of anti-Semitic stories and myths, made an easy target for Hitler and his Nazis.   Because the people misunderstood the Jews, it was easy to make them fear the Jews. This made it easy to create a following to exterminate all Jews and later the Poles and gypsies and anyone the Nazis felt were impure to the human race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although in the United States there was not a strong sense of anti-Semitism, and we were fighting to destroy Hitler’s regime, anti-Semitism did exist and many Jews here felt isolated.   However, without the history of fears of different races, since we are a melting pot of races, it would be difficult to focus on so many races as impure. Not to say that the United States does not hold prejudices, but the basis of our Constitution is the freedom to live and provides us with certain rights.   So, much of America would be outraged by the Nazis and their methods of racial purification.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus leading to the reason why Hitler’s Holocaust plan needed worldwide indifference as well as a police state. The police state was necessary to control the extermination selection and the secrecy of what was really going on, and the people themselves. Worldwide indifference was necessary to what they were doing in order to squelch all protests and opposition to their plan. In other words, so no one would try to stop them.   Lifton makes this clear throughout the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     My personal reaction to this book, other than the horror to the truths it reveals, is that Lifton did a thorough job of delving into the minds of both the prison doctors and the Nazi doctors.   He tries to show his readers how each side felt and what they lived through. He reveals the ways the prison doctors overcame great horrors and shocks to help the best way that they could. He explains how the Nazi doctors rationalized their part in the Regime’s plan and how they dealt with their evil responsibilities by drinking alcohol.   Lifton makes it clear that he disagrees with this idea of a pure race and sees none of this as medical euthanasia, but as mass murder.   I agree with Lifton and appreciate his great attempts to find the truth through his interviews.   The book was interesting as well as stirring since it brought a sickness to my soul to understand how these massive killings and injustices could have ever occurred. Work Cited    Lifton, Robert Jay. The Nazi Doctors. New York, NY, USA: Basic Books, Inc.,1986.

Corporate Culture Essay -- Business Company Goals Essays

Corporate Culture Utilising the video case study of ‘Egg Finance’ (Slave Nation, Channel 4), critically examine the extent to which corporate culture is used as an effective tool for the achievement of organizational goals. Corporate Culture is widely used in many organisations and has a variety of definitions. It has been defined by Koozes, Caldwell & Posner cited by Moorhead/Griffin, (1989:494) as: â€Å"a set of shared, enduring beliefs communicated through a variety of symbolic media, creating meaning in people’s work lives.† The argument to be taken in this essay will identify the usefulness and necessity for corporate culture to gain organizational success. In order to do this the argument will be utilized by supporting the theories of Emile Durkheim, Carol Axtell Ray, Terrance Deal and Allen Kennedy. Qubein (1999:2), cited by Sadri and Lees, states that,† corporate culture encompasses several key elements.† He adds, â€Å"It is fostered not merely by a mission statement, but by a clear corporate vision which is a mental picture of the company’s desired future.† It is not only the managers who should have this clear vision, the employees ought to perceive this as well. They should feel the need that they want to help to achieve the organizations goals. When organisations follow corporate culture, they try to make their employees feel that they belong and are accepted for who they are, thus making them want to work for the company. Attempt is made to make the employees feel that their organisation is their religion. This has been clearly demonstrated in Egg Finance. Corporate culture has been extensively used in Egg Finance, and in doing so have captured the hearts and minds of their employees. Each employee working for Egg Finance feels that â€Å"Egg† is their life. They feel safe and secure and feel that they are affiliated to the company. Carol Ray (1994) agrees with this as being part of corporate culture as she states that:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"a corporation’s culture has an important purpose to promote a sense of belongingness to the employees.† This has definitely worked for the employees at Egg. They even go to the extent of calling themselves an â€Å"egg person.† This ties in with the corporate cultural belief of Emile Durkheim and his approach. Egg Finance have tried to create an â€Å"Egg World† for their employees. They have many out-of-work... ...cess of the company. As Edgar Schein portrays it, â€Å"The right kind of culture will influence how effective organisations are.† (Edgar H. Schein, 1992, Organisational Culture and leadership) Works Cited †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thompson, P., & Mchugh, P. 2002, Work Organisations. 3rd ed, Palgrave, New York. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Channel 4 Productions, 2000, Slave Nation, Egg Finance. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huczynski, A., & Buchanan, D. 2001, Organisational behaviour: An introductory text. 4th ed, Prentice Hall. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. 1989, Organizational behavior. 2nd ed, Houghton Mifflin Company, U.S.A. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sadri, G., Lees, B. 2001, â€Å"Developing corporate culture as a competitive advantage.†; The Journal of Management Development, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 853-859. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ogbor, J.O., Jesse J.H.2001, â€Å"Critical theory and the hegemony of corporate culture†; The Journal of Organisational Change Management, vol 14, no. 6, pp. 590-608. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ray, Carol in Clark, H et al, 1994, Organisation and Identities, Chapmen 2 Hall. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schein, E.H. 1992, Organizational culture and leadership. 2nd ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schermerhorn, J. 2002, Management. 7th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Critical study of how music uniquely expands our understanding of experience Essay

Music has long existed in our society as a form of culture, entertainment and the like. In fact every civilization known to exist had had a great deal of benefits from music. There are lots of people who see music as nothing more than plain entertainment however there are those who holds in the claim that music gives us something more than entertainment per se. There are claims that music could affect us in a number of ways. Music has considerable effects on one’s mind, body and emotions. Music that are abundant in beats in a way could fuel one’s body, music carried out with feelings could affect one’s emotional status and could either make one cry with misery or laugh with joy, classical music could stimulate the mind, and so on and so forth. There are people who are greatly aware of the effects music could wrought on a person and this could greatly be seen on our everyday experiences. Movies, films, news, see the importance and know the effects music could have on every individual and thus music is key parts in every movie made nowadays. Have you ever seen a movie that doesn’t have an original sound track or a movie that did not make use of background music? Ever seen a documentary and the like who did not use music in the background while portraying the videos or documents they have? Having seen some of the uses music could have it may now suffice to say that music is indeed an important aspect in our lives and it plays fundamental role in today’s society (as well as on societies which existed thousand of years ago). As was stated music is an essential part of every culture, of every society and thus it is of no surprise that music is seen as a part of our everyday routines. Music could have fundamental effects on one’s emotion. Think of an instance wherein certain music affected you emotionally. Say you heard a certain song and it evoke within you some sort of emotions like pain, happiness and the like. I remember for an instance a conversation I have had with a friend of mine. He always loves to listen to the lyrics of Ever After of Bonnie Bailey and Come Around by Rhett Miller. He told me that he love listening to Ever After because that used to be their theme song (of his ex girlfriend) and he loves singing Come around because he can relate to that particular song. Thus, seemingly music indeed has certain effects on our emotions. I even remember claiming that my friend is such a masochist because he loves listening to sad songs such as Come Around when he has a choice to do otherwise. Similarly music has certain ways of affecting one’s mood. However it is not really known how do music affects a person physiologically and psychologically as well. Thus, a question may arise as to how do certain music affects a person’s mood. In order to determine how music affects a person’s mood one must first know the root as to how music inspires a person’s emotion. There are two contrasting viewpoints who tried to answer this particular puzzle. These views are called emotivist and cognitivist. For an emotivist they believe in the notion that we feel certain emotions as a form of response everytime we hear certain music. The cognitivist on the other hand believes otherwise. The cognitivists believes that there is more to humans than emotions and thus they believe that we get to decode certain musical emotions on a rational level, thus it shows that the cognitivists do not really believe that we really get to experience musical emotions. In order to see whether the beliefs of the emotivists are correct or not an experiment needs to be conducted in order to see if there are certain music models which could draw out coherent physiological reactions from different kinds of people. This experiment is needed in order for us to see if we really do experience emotions when exposed to a particular music. It is in this regard that a study had been conducted by Krumhansl wherein two groups of student were used. These particular groups of students each partake different activities. The activity went as follow: One group of 40 students dynamically rated the levels of sadness, fear, happiness, and tension in six sample pieces intended to evoke sadness, fear, or happiness. They did so by adjusting a slider on a computer while the music was playing. A separate group, consisting of 38 college students, was hooked up to physiological sensors monitoring a variety of cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory responses which recorded their change over time. Both groups heard the six musical samples with a 90-second pause in between each. The physiological measures taken from the second group were compared with the degree of sadness, fear, happiness, and tension reported by the first group. Both the physiological measures and emotional ratings were recorded as they changed during the course of the piece. Therefore, correlations could be drawn between the intensity of certain emotions and physiological symptoms. (Boswell) The results shown by the experiment was in accordance to the side of the emotivists. Each of the musical selections was rated as having the intended emotion, and consistent physiological responses were found for each measured emotion: sad music was correlated with a decreased heart rate, lowered finger temperature, increased blood pressure, and decreased skin conductance level; happy music with faster and shallower breathing, and fear-invoking music with a slower pulse, faster breathing, and decreased finger temperature. These effects were consistent during the duration of the pieces. (Boswell) This is further proof that the emotivists position was indeed supported by the said experiment. The fact that there was a coherent physiological modification that was produced by the different music used in the said experiment were behavioral evidence enough that those college students indeed experienced certain emotions all throughout the time they were exposed to the music used. This result contradicted the claim that emotions could only be transmitted once a person gets to recognize a certain passage present within a particular music. Another study was made by Sloboda. Sloboda attempted to identify the exact musical composition which brings about definite physical emotional responses. Examples of the said responses are tears, trembling, and the like. The study made use of questionnaire which was dispersed to five hundred British citizens. However, only eighty-three persons send back the survey. It is an important thing to know that those eighty-three persons who answered the survey were experts in terms of music, particularly classical music. The said survey had went on as follow: Participants were instructed to indicate the frequency with which they experienced certain physical responses as an effect of music within the last five years, as well as the piece of music and, if possible, the specific part of the piece or musical event that provoked it. In addition, they were asked to say whether the response was consistently evoked. (Boswell) A huge number of the partakers claimed that they were able to experience certain physical emotional responses such as mirth, trembling, tears, lump in their throats and the like for the last five years of their lives. However the survey showed that women are more prone to experiencing tears as compared to men. Men on the other hand, especially those already on their thirties, claimed that they experienced more laughter than compared to other age. Just as was the case on the experiment conducted by Krumhansl, the survey conducted by Sloboda also showed a great deal of consistency to each piece of music they were exposed to. This particular survey also showed the extent of the consistency in that the reactions remained consistent even though they have heard the certain musical piece for more than fifty times. A further point of interest is that there are particular melodic constructions which showed to have consistent effects upon the partakers of the said survey. Appogiaturas for one were consistent in bringing tears into surface. The experiment also showed that a series of changes in terms of harmony incite trembling, whereas quickening brought about faster heart beats. However, if there is a certain drawback in the said study is the fact that it was conducted with the use of questionnaires. We could have no way of knowing if the person who answered it had answered truthfully or if s/he is merely bluffing. Thus, in a way we have no way of making sure that the partakers of the said survey indeed experienced the particular emotions and physical responses they reported they have experienced for the past five years. Another factor is the fact that those who participated in the survey were all expert on the field of music and thus we could not really deduct from this survey alone that the rest of the world would also act or feel the same way. However there are certain studies which had been conducted which show that very little difference exists between those who have musical expertise and those who have none. In addition, the records stated by the partakers of the said survey regarding their experiences of physical signs of emotions are not really unusual. Thus, in a way we could say that the study conducted by Sloboda also supported the position held by the emotivists. We should also take into account the fact that the physical responses reported by the survey partakers are in fact common in all human beings since we all share the same autonomic response system. However, we should also take note of the fact that our capability to utilize the said system in order for us to feel or experience certain emotions brought about by music is in a way, a learned process. This particular claim is supported by the fact that very young children do not really get to experience the said responses. Even those adults who have different kinds of music as compared to ours are not likely capable to experience the said responses brought about by the music we listen into. Thus, Sloboda claimed that the link between musical compositions and emotions is a learned process which is also dependent on one’s culture. However, this does not necessitate that we do not really get to experience or fell certain emotions from listening to certain music. It only tells us that we may not be able to relate nor are we likely to experience certain emotions from listening to other music that are completely different from ours. Fact is, Sloboda even claimed that if we are to be exposed to music completely different from ours we could still get to relate to that music although it would take time. Therefore even though the link between musical compositions and emotions is a learned process, evidences and studies still show the stand held by the emotivists that we are indeed capable of feeling or experiencing certain emotions simply by listening to a particular music. Thus those who participated in the studies conducted have steadily testified that they have indeed experienced true emotions when they listened to certain music. The researches conducted also accounted for the fact that very little difference in terms of recognizing emotions could be seen between those who have musical expertise and those who have none. Thus this accounted for the emotivists view that we could indeed experience certain emotions simply by listening to certain music, although it is still not clear what inclines us to be affected in certain ways. Research conducted claims that there is really no ground in saying that somewhere in our brains there could be located a region dedicated mainly to process musical data. In contrary, the errand of musical processing is extended to the whole region of our brains. Thus whereas the right brain is responsible for the emotions evoked while listening to music, the left brain is quite responsible for looking at music in a more rational ground thus it tends to critically examine music. There are even proofs which show that the primeval region within our mid brain is the one responsible for our emotions we experience while listening to music. Thus a primeval region within our midbrain engages itself with the task of realizing and appreciating music in an emotional way. However, the specific region wherein music is being developed (if ever there is one) is yet to be known. A study which involves this particular interest was conducted by Schmidt and Trainor. Schmidt and Trainor studied whether or not frontal brain electrical activity correlated with intensity and positivity or negativity, or valence, of emotion. The study showed that the left frontal brain is the one responsible for experiencing positive emotions whereas the right frontal brain is the one responsible for experiencing negative emotions. Thus, emotions such as happiness, interests and the like are product of the left frontal brain whereas emotions such as horror, revulsion, pain and the like were made by the right frontal brain. Therefore it would suffice for us to say that when listening to happy tunes our left frontal brain is likely to be triggered whereas listening to desolate songs would trigger our right frontal brain. It also follows that the intensity of music could affect the intensity of the frontal activity. The hypothesis stated above had already been confirmed. A careful selection of music which would likely draw out positive emotions triggered the left frontal brain whereas a careful selection of music which would likely draw negative emotions triggered the right frontal brain. Thus, the frontal activity of the brain increases every time the intensity of certain music also increases. Thus in a way this is also another proof which supports the emotivist view that listening to certain music could make a person experience certain emotions. Thus a similarity between music and language could be seen. Both language and music alike is inclined to be interpreted subconsciously. Thus, this seems to show that humans have a biological structure which enables music to draw emotions from each of us. And though this particular structure is yet to be known, researchers concluded that the said structure is not composed of a single area on the brain. On the contrary, researchers believe that such structure is made up of an interaction of the different systems which could be found within our brain. It is due to music’s many uses that music is also deemed to have considerable effects on the field of medicine. There are certain accounts taken from the Bible, artifacts, as well as studies that show that music could have considerable effects on a person’s health and well-being. In fact, there are historical inscriptions taken from Egypt, Greek, China and other known civilizations which praise music’s ability in medical matters. Music is widely considered to have medical importance and it is in this regard that music even such a term such as music therapy. After World War II the United States of America even see to it that music therapy would be used on wounded soldiers who were tormented by physical as well as emotional traumas taken from the war. Physicians and nurses alike saw how music helped alleviate some of the soldiers or veterans pain by merely engaging themselves on musical activities. It is on this regard that hospitals started employing musicians to help better their patients’ status. Music had been very helpful in bettering the patient’s emotional as well as psychological status and as many people learned of these certain benefits derived from music, National Association for Musical Therapy came to existence. The need for musical therapy became wide range to the point that the National Association for Musical Therapy or NAMT allied themselves to other musical organizations which in turn resulted into the foundation of the American Music Therapy Association or AMTA. The ranges of music therapy vary widely in that it not only caters to emotional sickness since it also proved to be beneficial in sickness suffered under physical injuries. Music therapy helped people in terms of their perceiving pains. There are a number of reasons why they consider music as an effectual means in limiting perceived pains. First, music could divert a person’s mind from the pain at hand or from the pain a person perceives. Second, music could help in terms of giving a person some kind of control. Thirdly, music could help counter pain since it could help a person in releasing endorphins which are necessary in giving a person some sense of well-being. Fourth, slow music could help a person in terms of relaxation in that it slows a person’s breathing. Take a person with leukemia for an example. Let’s say Person A needs to undergo a certain surgery necessary to cure his leukemia. One should admit that surgical procedures are indeed frightening and thus Person A could not help but be afraid of what’s on store for him and thus Person A’s blood pressure continues to rise and this in turn has a crucial effect on Person A’s healing process. This particular thing could also heighten Person A’s awareness or perception of pain. One’s pain could not be measure by anyone and thus there is no standard in terms of the amount of pain a person could have. It is in this manner that music therapy comes into the picture. We have already enumerated the reasons why music therapy is considered beneficial in medicine and thus in this manner one could be lead to speculate that music therapy could indeed lessen one’s pain perception because it could work in certain ways in order to lessen a person’s perceived pain. Disturbance or diversion could help in certain ways in lessening one’s sense perception and thus it could help moderate the pain a person undergoes. This pain moderation could be redirected to the cognitive section which could be seen in the Gate-Control Theory of Pain. Pleasant music naturally applies or concentrates on a person’s pleasant stimulus which in turn concerns the capability of the information processing system. Since the music would be busy attending to the pleasant stimulus of a person it naturally follows that the person’s occupation would be diverted from the pain-causing stimulus. It is ion this regard that music is considered important in distracting a person because distraction presents a person with an escape by means of imagination which in turn is a crucial means in lessening stress, nervousness and fear which are important factors which constitutes pain. Thus enjoyable imagination could promote some sense of control to a person which could decrease a person’s nervousness and feeling of being powerless. Thus since music helps transfer our attention away from painful experiences it provides us with a strategy we could use when we undergo painful experiences, may it be physically or emotionally.

Police Department Roles and Functions Essay

There are many various functions of police agencies. Patron, traffic, juvenile services, intelligence and undercover, and special operations are just some of the various functions of police agencies. There are many differences between the functions of the police agencies and the federal, state, and the local levels. There are reasons of why you need to have various functions and roles of policing in any community. There are a few various functions of police agencies such as patrol, traffic, juvenile services, intelligence and undercover, and special functions. There are many functions of the patrol and consists of protecting the lives of people and their property, repression of criminal and delinquent behavior, identification, apprehension and conviction of offenders, traffic flow, collision reduction, maintenance of order and public safety. Patrol functions are a major part of policing agencies. Traffic functions consist of identifying potential traffic problems and hazards, arresti ng offenders, investigation property damage and personal injury automobile accidents, regulating parking on the streets and municipal buildings (Grant & Terry, 2008). Traffic functions keep the roads safer and make things flow better for traffic. Juvenile services are there to help juvenile offenders go to counseling and counseling for the juvenile’s families. There are also programs that can help juveniles learn about drugs, alcohol, abuse and gangs. There is a program called (D.A.R.E) Drug Abuse Resistance Education. (GREAT) Gang Resistance Education and Training is another program that is used to inform the youth group about the negative impact of gangs. Intelligence and undercover is where officers go and use a different identification so that they can get closer to suspects or fugitive or get evidence (Grant & Terry, 2008). They may have to live in different places and dress as complete different people then who they are so that they can  fit in to the environment they are trying to get close to. The last function is the special operations that consist of S.W.A.T and the canine unit. The S.W.A.T stands for special weapons and tactics and they functions are dealing with high risk law enforcement such as hostage situations and arresting people that are armed and dangerous suspects. The canine unit is having a police dog that helps on searches. Searches could be consisting of drug investigations, tracking and searching for victims or suspects, vehicle searches, and searching of buildings (Grant & Terry, 2008). The police agency functions differ from the federal, state, and local level. The federal has two main functions that split into a few different functions. The Homeland Security and Department of Justice have many functions. The Homeland Security has the Bureau of Customs and Border protection (CBP) and this helps make sure that people and cargo are crossed borders legally and safely. Bureau of Immigration and Custom Enforcement known as (ICE) works with the smuggling of drugs and weapons. It also helps remove illegal immigrants that should not be across the borders. ICE also helps protect and secure federal buildings. FEMA is the Federal Emergency Management Agency and their goal is to help prevent man-made disasters from destroying cities. FEMA also helps after man-made disasters happen with providing food, water, and shelter to the people that have homes that are destroyed or have no stores that have food remaining for them to eat or drink. Department of Justice has a few functions as well that are to help protect on a higher level than the police agencies. Drug Enforcement Administrators (DEA) deal with enforcing laws that pertain to controlled substances. The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) has many functions. They protect against any kind of terrorist attack against the country, foreign intelligence operations, cyber based attacks, public corruption, and white collar crimes. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) deal with the investigations of the trafficking of illegal firearms. The ATF also enforces federal laws that pertain to federal taxes on alcohol and tobacco (Walker & Katz, 2011). The federal and the police agencies have many differences. The federal have more of a variety of different functions than the police agencies. The state does not have as many functions as the federal but still have functions that make a difference. The State has some functions that the police agencies also have. The State has different kind of  officers. There are State police and Highway patrol officers that patrol the highways statewide. They also have power to give traffic violations, criminal investigations, and arrest non traffic violators (Walker & Katz, 2011). The police agencies also do a lot of patrol just like the state police. The local levels are a lot like the police agencies. They have municipal officers, county police and they h ave sheriffs that patrol city roads. They attend to more serious crimes that are committed in the city. The local level deals with order maintenance problems and emergency services (Walker & Katz, 2011). The county police have the same functions as the municipal officers but can operate countywide. The sheriffs have more functions than the municipal officers and the county police. The sheriffs have to go to courts and deal with corrections. When it comes to the community all of the policing agencies are very important. There are many functions and roles that help keep a safe community. If there are limited policing agencies in the community it could raise the rate of crime, accidents, and deaths. With having the functions in the communities it helps make the people of the community feel safer knowing that the policing agencies are out patrolling the streets whether it is by foot, bike, car, or horse. Without having the functions of trafficking there would be more accidents on the roads or highways. If the juvenile services the younger generations may not have the resources to learn about awareness programs for drugs, alcohol, and abuse. They may not have the opportunity to change their lives by attending counseling to help better themselves. Without having undercover officers it would be a little harder to catch suspects before they actually commit a crime. Even though not all cities have the canine unit, the canine unit helps search for things that the human nose cannot detect as well as a dog can. The canine unit is a very big help for searches when victims are missing or are searching for drugs. There are many functions and roles for all police agencies no matter how big or how small the agency is. There are many differences between the police agencies and the federal, state, and local level. But there are also some functions that are the same. Without having functions of all the police agencies there would be more crime and accidents within the cities and states. Having as many functions in all the policing agencies makes this place a safer place for everyone. References Walker, S., & Katz, C.M. (2011). The police in America: An introduction (7th ed). Grant, H.B., & Terry, K.J. (2008) Law Enforcement in the 21st Century(2nd ed).

Salaries and Benefits of US Congress Members

Salaries and Benefits of US Congress Members The salary and benefits paid to the Senators and Representatives of the U.S. Congress is a constant source of public fascination, debate- and most of all- fake news.   For example, one massively-sent email states, â€Å"Many citizens had no idea that members of Congress could retire with the same pay after only one term.† Well, maybe many citizens do not have that idea, because it is just flat wrong. Another infamous email demanding passage of a mythical â€Å"Congressional Reform Act† claims members of Congress do not pay Social Security taxes. That, too, is wrong Salaries and benefits of members of the U.S. Congress have been the source of taxpayer unhappiness and myths over the years. Here are some facts for your consideration. As of 2019, the base salary for all rank-and-file members of the U.S. House and Senate was $174,000 per year, plus benefits. Salaries have not been increased since 2009. Compared to private-sector salaries, the salaries of members of Congress is lower than many mid-level executives and managers. Rank-and-File Members: The current salary (2019) for rank-and-file members of the House and Senate is $174,000 per year. Members are free to turn down pay increase and some choose to do so.In a complex system of calculations, administered by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, congressional pay rates also affect the salaries of federal judges and other senior government executives. Congress: Leadership Members Salary  (2019) Leaders of the House and Senate are paid a higher salary than rank-and-file members. Senate Leadership Majority Party Leader - $193,400Minority Party Leader - $193,400 House Leadership Speaker of the House - $223,500Majority Leader - $193,400Minority Leader - $193,400 Pay Increases   Members of Congress are eligible to receive the same annual cost-of-living increase given to other federal employees if any. The raise takes effect automatically on January 1 of each year unless Congress, through the passage of a joint resolution, votes to decline it, as Congress has done since 2009. Benefits Paid to Members of Congress You may have read that Members of Congress do not pay into Social Security. Well, thats also a myth. Social Security Prior to 1984, neither Members of Congress nor any other federal civil service employee paid Social Security taxes. Of course, they were also not eligible to receive Social Security benefits. Members of Congress and other federal employees were instead covered by a separate pension plan called the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). The 1983 amendments to the Social Security Act required federal employees first hired after 1983 to participate in Social Security. These amendments also required all Members of Congress to participate in Social Security as of January 1, 1984, regardless of when they first entered Congress. Because the CSRS was not designed to coordinate with Social Security, Congress directed the development of a new retirement plan for federal workers. The result was the Federal Employees Retirement System Act of 1986. Members of Congress receive retirement and health benefits under the same plans available to other federal employees. They become vested after five years of full participation. Health Insurance Since all provisions of the Affordable Care Act or â€Å"Obamacare† took effect in 2014, members of Congress have been required to purchase health insurance plans offered through one of the Affordable Care Act-approved exchanges in order to receive a government contribution toward their health coverage. Prior to the passage of the Affordable Care Act, insurance for members of Congress was provided through the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHB); the government’s employer-subsidized private insurance system. However, not even under the FEHB plan was the insurance â€Å"free.† On average, the government pays from 72% to 75% of the premiums for its workers. Like all other federal retirees, former members of Congress paid the same share of premiums as other federal employees. Retirement   Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Those elected prior to 1984 were covered by the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). In 1984 all members were given the option of remaining with CSRS or switching to FERS. As it is for all other federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and the participants contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3 percent of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2 percent of their salary in Social Security taxes. Members of Congress become eligible to receive a pension at the age of 62 if they have completed a total of 5 years of service. Members who have completed a total of 20 years of service are eligible for a pension at age 50, are at any age after completing a total of 25 years of service. No matter their age when they retire, the amount of the members’ pension is based on their total years of service and the average of their highest three years of salary. By law, the starting amount of a Member’s retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of his or her final salary. Can They Really Retire After Only One Term? Those mass emails also claim that members of Congress can get a pension equal to their full salaries after serving only one term. That one is partly true but mostly false. Under the current law, which requires at least 5 years of service, members of the House of Representatives would not be eligible to collect pensions of any amount after serving only one term, since they come up for reelection every two years. On the other hand, U.S, Senators - who serve six-year terms - would be eligible to collect pensions after completing only one full term. In neither case, however, would the pensions be equal to the member’s full salary. While it is highly unlikely and has never happened, it is possible for a longtime member of Congress whose pension began at or near 80% of his or her final salary could - after many years of accepted annual cost-of-living adjustments - see his or her pension rise to equal his or her final salary. Average Annual Pensions According to the Congressional Research Service, there were 611 retired members of Congress receiving federal pensions based fully or in part on their congressional service as of October 1, 2016. Of this number, 335 had retired under CSRS and were receiving an average annual pension of $74,028. A total of 276 Members had retired with service under FERS and were receiving an average annual pension of $41,076 in 2016. Allowances Members of Congress are also provided with an annual allowance intended to defray expenses related carrying out their congressional duties, including official office expenses, including staff, mail, travel between a Members district or state and Washington, DC, and other goods and services. Outside Income Many members of Congress retain their private careers and other business interests while they serve. Members are allowed to retain an amount of permissible outside earned income limited to no more than 15% of the annual rate of basic pay for level II of the Executive Schedule for federal employees, or $28,400.00 a year in 2018. However, there is currently no limit on the amount of non-salary income members can retain from their investments, corporate dividends or profits. House and Senate rules define what sources of outside earned income are permissible. For example, House Rule XXV (112th Congress) limits permissible outside income to salaries, fees, and other amounts received or to be received as compensation for personal services actually rendered. Members are not allowed to retain compensation arising from fiduciary relationships, except for medical practices. Members are also barred from accepting honoraria - payments for professional services typically provided without charge. Perhaps most importantly to voters and taxpayers, member of Congress are strictly prohibited from earning or accepting income that may appear to be intended to influence the way they vote on legislation. Tax Deductions Members are allowed to deduct up to $3,000 a year from their federal income tax for living expenses while they are away from their home states or congressional districts. Early History of Congress Pay How and how much members of Congress should be paid has always been a debated issue. America’s Founding Fathers believed that since congressmen would typically be well-off anyway, they should serve for free, out of a sense of duty. Under the Articles of Confederation, if U.S. congressmen were paid at all, they were paid by the states they represented. The state legislatures adjusted their congressmen’s pay and could even suspend it completely if they became dissatisfied with them. By the time the first U.S. Congress under the Constitution convened in 1789, members of both the House and Senate were paid $6 for each day there were actually in session, which was then rarely more than five months a year. The $6 per-day rate remained the same until the Compensation Act of 1816 raised it to a flat $1,500 a year. However, faced with public outrage, Congress repealed the law in 1817. Not until 1855 did members of Congress return to being paid an annual salary, then $3,000 per year with no benefits. Sources and Further Reference Brudnick, Ida A. â€Å"Congressional Salaries and Allowances: In Brief.† Congressional Research Service (April 11, 2018).Feran, Tom. â€Å"Can members of Congress retire with full pay after just one term?† Politifact Ohio (January 11, 2013)

MEYER Surname Meaning and Family History

MEYER Surname Meaning and Family History From the Middle High German word meiger, meaning higher or superior, Meyer was  a surname  often used for stewards or overseers of landholders or great farmers or leaseholders- today a Meier is a dairy farmer. Meier and Meyer are used more often in Northern Germany, while Maier and Mayer are found more frequently in Southern Germany. As an English surname, Meyer derived from the Old English  maire, or  Mayor, an officer in charge of legal matters. Meyer could also have originated as an alternate spelling of the Dutch Meier or Meijer, or as an Anglicized form of the Gaelic surname  Ãƒâ€œ Meidhir, from meidhir, \meaning mirth. Alternate Surname Spellings:  MEIER, MAYER, MAIER, MIER, MEIRSurname Origin: German, English, Dutch Where in the World Is the MEYERSurname Found? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, the Meyer surname is most common in Germany, where it is the 5th most common surname in the country. It is also among the top 100 most common surnames in Switzerland, France,  Luxembourg and South Africa. WorldNames PublicProfiler identifies the Meyer surname as being most frequent in northern Germany (Niedersachsen, Bremen and Schleswig-Holstein);  Nordwestschweiz and Zentralschweiz, Switzerland; and Alsace, France. Surname  distribution maps at  verwandt.de  show the  Meyer surname is  found in 439 cities and counties throughout Germany, most prevalently in Hamburg, followed by Region Hannover, Berlin, Bremen, Diepholz, Harburg, Rotenburg (Wà ¼mme),  Osnabrà ¼ck, Verden and Cuxhaven. Famous People With the MEYER Surname Stephenie Meyer - author of the Twilight seriesBernhard Meyer  - German physician and naturalistBertrand Meyer - French computer scientistConrad Ferdinand Meyer  - Swiss poet and writerFritz Meyer - Swiss founder of the Roamer  watch companyGeorge von Lengerke Meyer - former U.S. Secretary of the NavyHeinrich August Wilhelm Meyer  - German protestant pastor and theologianJulius Lothar Meyer - German chemist;  pioneer in developing the first periodic table of elementsLodewijk Meyer - Dutch physician, classical scholar and playwright Genealogy Resources for the Surname MEYER Meanings of Common German SurnamesUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common German surnames.Meyer  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Meyer  family crest or coat of arms for the Meyer surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.Meyer Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Meyer surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Meyer surname query.FamilySearch - MEYER GenealogyExplore over 9 million  results, including digitized records, database entries, and online family trees for the Meyer surname and its variations on the FREE FamilySearch website, courtesy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.DistantCousin.com - MEYER Geneal ogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Meyer. GeneaNet - Meyer  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Meyer  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Meyer Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Meyer surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Sources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Winston Churchill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Winston Churchill - Essay Example Churchill served as a Member of the British Parliament between 1900 and 1905, before proceeding to serve as the Colonial Under-Secretary between 1905 and 1908. As the Colonial Under-Secretary, Churchill was the midwife the Transvaal Constitution. This was a watershed in British politics since it determined race relations among Britons and served as the genesis of recognition of the rights of blacks in Britain to participate in politics (Younger, 134, 135). In a separate wavelength, it is important to appreciate the contributions that Churchill made during his tenure as the President of the Board of Trade, during the time between 1908 and 1910. This was the time he was out of Parliament: from 24 April 1908 to May 1909, Churchill was out of Parliament. As the President of the Board of Trade, Churchill successfully made milestones in labor dispute mediation; made arbitrations in court; conducted and facilitated labor exchanges; and set the minimum wage for workers. The setting of minimum wage for workers improved people’s socio-economic welfare and increased Britain’s overall domestic purchasing power. Another way in which Churchill influenced British politics, criminal justice systems and socio-economic welfare is by championing for key reforms (in the relevant sectors) when he was the Home Secretary. This took place between 1910 and 1911. Within this time and in this capacity, Churchill successfully championed for the Home Rule for Ireland, the Strike intervention and Prison reforms. Churchill also sponsored the passage of the Insurance Act and the Labor and Shop Acts. As if the foregoing is not enough, Churchill also made immense contributions in Britain’s military progress. In this light, because of his impeccable performance in military, Churchill rose up through military ranks and the culmination of his progress was him serving as the First Lord of the Admiralty from 1911 to 1915 (DEste,

Case Study -( The Social Environment and Human Behavior) Essay - 1

Case Study -( The Social Environment and Human Behavior) - Essay Example This has implications on the higher economic classes from the lower. a. The greater availability of screening against abnormalities in the infants born to the elite (than in the lower economic classes) will cause a higher proportion of brighter, stronger children to the upper income class, giving them better chances for succeeding than the lower classes b. Better birth quality among the rich will tend to concentrate wealth in a small sector of society, since children born to the rich will be better qualified for the higher paying positions. Wealth distribution is thus compromised. The direct problem of the case is how to address the problem of the deterioration of Baby Kim’s health and development. The immediate question that must be resolved is whether or not Kim’s continued separation from parent should be terminated, and Kim returned home to her parents. The separation of a child from its parents is always an important issue, because it is normally presumed that parents are the best source of sustenance, support, and love for the child. The state should have an extraordinary reason, based on strong and compelling evidence, that the parents could not provide the proper care for their own child before it takes such a child away and relegates her to foster care. In this case, there appears to be no strong or compelling reason for Kim to be taken from her parents. The matter of methamphetamine use prior to Kim’s birth is not an overriding issue, since Kim’s mom would have been allowed to keep her had she agreed to sending her younger son to day care. Her refusal to send him to day care was the cause for her separation from her children and for Kim’s relegation to foster care. There is no evidence that Kim’s parent neglect their children’s care in any way whatsoever. The home is well maintained, the sons are healthy, happy and bright. In no way does any evidence show that Kim’s parents, specially her mom, is an unfit

War as a Strategic Tool of Policy - To what extent did the outcome of Essay

War as a Strategic Tool of Policy - To what extent did the outcome of the 1973 Arab-Israeli war serve the political objectives o - Essay Example Also dubbed as the Yom Kippur war and war that was fought in the Holy Month of Ramadan as per Islamic Calendar (White 2012 ), thereby it was significant not just on account of political rivalry but it also had the share and touch of religious affiliations from both ends. It did not engulf just Israel and Palestine alone, rather it entangled other neighboring parts as well, namely Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. Although numerous other wars have been fought before and after as well, yet it is considered to be one of the greater events of war being fought after the Second World War, based on the reason that it entangled a complete region and the other world powers as well. Keywords: Golan Heights, oil embargo, Suez Canal, military might myth, bi polar world. Thesis statement: A war that was won on field by Israel, yet by Egypt and its allies on political table, setting course for new diplomatic relationships, political domination and new alliances, and ultimately further increasing the impor tance of the Arab region in the world. Impact of the war: The war being fought in October 1973, had long term repercussions, it had its impacts on the geopolitical dimension, the regional peace, the coexistence with one another, the territories re distribution, the role of each of the participant and various other factors, in short, the war that lasted n more than a few weeks had its impact over the next many years to come. The cause of the war was the hostility between the two sides, with the Arab bloc blaming Israel for taking the places that originally belonged to the Arab States. To settle the scores once for all, the states decided to launch a decisive offensive against the common enemy. Major players and their concerns: The war had direct participants in form of Egypt that had its horns locked with Israel over the Suez Canal; Palestine though did not participate directly, yet it had their issues based on the holy land of Jerusalem which was long being claimed as the place of t heir religious affiliation by the both sides. Syria had its interest locked in form of Golan Heights (Dunstan 2007, 21). Hence the major players were Israel, Syria and Egypt. The main disagreement arouse from the 1967 war (The Six Days war) which had left Israel single handed winner against the Arab states. Aiming to level the score, Egypt and Syria had planned surprise attack against Israel catching it off guard. The element of Cold War: Although the war directly involved Arab states and Israel, yet it had its roots deeply drawn in the external agents. These external agents came in form of the two super powers of the then bi-polar world that was visibly divided into the Capitalist bloc and the Soviet Union’s Socialist bloc (Garthoff 2001, 326). The cold war that started off right after the end of Second World War was an unconventional war where the battles were not fought head to head, rather through proxies and establishment of alliances and allies in different parts of the world. The Arab world was also part of the same world and hence was under the direct interest and focus of the two super powers. Israel had the backing of Capitalist state America, and Arab States, and the Arab bloc, and most dominantly Egypt had the shoulder and support of Soviet Republic over it. The associated was not just limited to backdoor diplomacy and assistance, rather officially declared ties,